Wednesday, April 29, 2009
Black studies may be still considered a questionable topic. I know for a fact that my generation is inquisitive, as a result, will question everything that they may feel doesn’t apply to them. This is the specialty of black studies. Although its primary focus dwells in the African American community, the experiences, endeavors and problems have no color, because they can relate to all races in some fashion or form. Black studies is a “blessing in disguise” that was not available to our ancestors. Not once did they consider the strife and victory they experience to be incorporated into a program that is currently readily accessible to student’s everywhere. Black studies have allowed some many more genres to branch off of it and in other curriculums, such as Africa and the Diaspora. It is amazing to witness the advancements, struggles, and unity of African Americans, and consider how it is relative today. I consider Black studies as an implied inspiration, an inspiration that never directly states such messages, but are routinely displayed throughout their work ethic. It not only opens our eyes to the obstacles African American’s ancestors had to overcome, it introduces areas that blacks are succeeding in such as Black Philosophy. What is the likelihood of an average student knowing that such as this existed? Hence the importance of this program. It never ceases to amaze me on the limited resources that were available back then, yet some of the greatest inventors, scientist, and leaders were born. If anything, this is encouraging as a African American. Black studies provide students of all races the opportunity to become a part of their worlds. In addition, Black studies at a HBCU may be considered the norm, yet here at O.U., where African Americans are considered few in number, is an advantage because while achieving African Americans still have the chance to stick to their roots. This was accomplished through various activities, one of the most influential, the infamous group projects. Although initially, I was against this idea, I’ve grown accustomed, which allowed me to enjoy this experience. Not only does it allow us as students the opportunity to adapt to change, and learn to communicate and work in a collaborative group effort, it allowed an opportunity to play off each other’s strengths, while creating and maintain relationships for friendships and networking purposes. I truly enjoyed the varying personalities and effort of my group and have a completely insight regarding group work. This indeed prepared us to learn how to work in groups with diverse individuals, since the world itself consist of diversity; why not start in the classroom? With change comes patience, a theory I was able to experience firsthand. The blog assignments were always thought provoking and required time to prepare. Yet once you start, it’s easy to start expressing your ideas and opinions. Although this was my first class that used blogs for assignment purposes, it was an innovative way for students to express personal opinions, and both share and comment their thoughts regarding each other’s ideas. It is always beneficial to see other people’s ideas because it allows you as a student to realize that there are contrasting viewpoints out there. This class was definitely one that promotes d individuality, and self expression. It was not entirely too repetitive, yet effective enough where attention was always captured. For example, numerous guest speakers came, suggested readings, and a field trip to the law building were just a few of the perks to name a few. As a freshman, I felt at ease, this certainly allowed me to want to attend class. I would definitely recommend this class to anybody who is interested.
Black studies may be still considered a questionable topic. I know for a fact that my generation is inquisitive, as a result, will question everything that they may feel doesn’t apply to them. This is the specialty of black studies. Although its primary focus dwells in the African American community, the experiences, endeavors and problems have no color, because they can relate to all races in some fashion or form. Black studies is a “blessing in disguise” that was not available to our ancestors. Not once did they consider the strife and victory they experience to be incorporated into a program that is currently readily accessible to student’s everywhere. Black studies have allowed some many more genres to branch off of it and in other curriculums, such as Africa and the Diaspora. It is amazing to witness the advancements, struggles, and unity of African Americans, and consider how it is relative today. I consider Black studies as an implied inspiration, an inspiration that never directly states such messages, but are routinely displayed throughout their work ethic. It not only opens our eyes to the obstacles African American’s ancestors had to overcome, it introduces areas that blacks are succeeding in such as Black Philosophy. What is the likelihood of an average student knowing that such as this existed? Hence the importance of this program. It never ceases to amaze me on the limited resources that were available back then, yet some of the greatest inventors, scientist, and leaders were born. If anything, this is encouraging as a African American. Black studies provide students of all races the opportunity to become a part of their worlds. In addition, Black studies at a HBCU may be considered the norm, yet here at O.U., where African Americans are considered few in number, is an advantage because while achieving African Americans still have the chance to stick to their roots. This was accomplished through various activities, one of the most influential, the infamous group projects. Although initially, I was against this idea, I’ve grown accustomed, which allowed me to enjoy this experience. Not only does it allow us as students the opportunity to adapt to change, and learn to communicate and work in a collaborative group effort, it allowed an opportunity to play off each other’s strengths, while creating and maintain relationships for friendships and networking purposes. I truly enjoyed the varying personalities and effort of my group and have a completely insight regarding group work. This indeed prepared us to learn how to work in groups with diverse individuals, since the world itself consist of diversity; why not start in the classroom? With change comes patience, a theory I was able to experience firsthand. The blog assignments were always thought provoking and required time to prepare. Yet once you start, it’s easy to start expressing your ideas and opinions. Although this was my first class that used blogs for assignment purposes, it was an innovative way for students to express personal opinions, and both share and comment their thoughts regarding each other’s ideas. It is always beneficial to see other people’s ideas because it allows you as a student to realize that there are contrasting viewpoints out there. This class was definitely one that promotes d individuality, and self expression. It was not entirely too repetitive, yet effective enough where attention was always captured. For example, numerous guest speakers came, suggested readings, and a field trip to the law building were just a few of the perks to name a few. As a freshman, I felt at ease, this certainly allowed me to want to attend class. I would definitely recommend this class to anybody who is interested.
Black studies may be still considered a questionable topic. I know for a fact that my generation is inquisitive, as a result, will question everything that they may feel doesn’t apply to them. This is the specialty of black studies. Although its primary focus dwells in the African American community, the experiences, endeavors and problems have no color, because they can relate to all races in some fashion or form. Black studies is a “blessing in disguise” that was not available to our ancestors. Not once did they consider the strife and victory they experience to be incorporated into a program that is currently readily accessible to student’s everywhere. Black studies have allowed some many more genres to branch off of it and in other curriculums, such as Africa and the Diaspora. It is amazing to witness the advancements, struggles, and unity of African Americans, and consider how it is relative today. I consider Black studies as an implied inspiration, an inspiration that never directly states such messages, but are routinely displayed throughout their work ethic. It not only opens our eyes to the obstacles African American’s ancestors had to overcome, it introduces areas that blacks are succeeding in such as Black Philosophy. What is the likelihood of an average student knowing that such as this existed? Hence the importance of this program. It never ceases to amaze me on the limited resources that were available back then, yet some of the greatest inventors, scientist, and leaders were born. If anything, this is encouraging as a African American. Black studies provide students of all races the opportunity to become a part of their worlds. In addition, Black studies at a HBCU may be considered the norm, yet here at O.U., where African Americans are considered few in number, is an advantage because while achieving African Americans still have the chance to stick to their roots. This was accomplished through various activities, one of the most influential, the infamous group projects. Although initially, I was against this idea, I’ve grown accustomed, which allowed me to enjoy this experience. Not only does it allow us as students the opportunity to adapt to change, and learn to communicate and work in a collaborative group effort, it allowed an opportunity to play off each other’s strengths, while creating and maintain relationships for friendships and networking purposes. I truly enjoyed the varying personalities and effort of my group and have a completely insight regarding group work. This indeed prepared us to learn how to work in groups with diverse individuals, since the world itself consist of diversity; why not start in the classroom? With change comes patience, a theory I was able to experience firsthand. The blog assignments were always thought provoking and required time to prepare. Yet once you start, it’s easy to start expressing your ideas and opinions. Although this was my first class that used blogs for assignment purposes, it was an innovative way for students to express personal opinions, and both share and comment their thoughts regarding each other’s ideas. It is always beneficial to see other people’s ideas because it allows you as a student to realize that there are contrasting viewpoints out there. This class was definitely one that promotes d individuality, and self expression. It was not entirely too repetitive, yet effective enough where attention was always captured. For example, numerous guest speakers came, suggested readings, and a field trip to the law building were just a few of the perks to name a few. As a freshman, I felt at ease, this certainly allowed me to want to attend class. I would definitely recommend this class to anybody who is interested.
Black studies may be still considered a questionable topic. I know for a fact that my generation is inquisitive, as a result, will question everything that they may feel doesn’t apply to them. This is the specialty of black studies. Although its primary focus dwells in the African American community, the experiences, endeavors and problems have no color, because they can relate to all races in some fashion or form. Black studies is a “blessing in disguise” that was not available to our ancestors. Not once did they consider the strife and victory they experience to be incorporated into a program that is currently readily accessible to student’s everywhere. Black studies have allowed some many more genres to branch off of it and in other curriculums, such as Africa and the Diaspora. It is amazing to witness the advancements, struggles, and unity of African Americans, and consider how it is relative today. I consider Black studies as an implied inspiration, an inspiration that never directly states such messages, but are routinely displayed throughout their work ethic. It not only opens our eyes to the obstacles African American’s ancestors had to overcome, it introduces areas that blacks are succeeding in such as Black Philosophy. What is the likelihood of an average student knowing that such as this existed? Hence the importance of this program. It never ceases to amaze me on the limited resources that were available back then, yet some of the greatest inventors, scientist, and leaders were born. If anything, this is encouraging as a African American. Black studies provide students of all races the opportunity to become a part of their worlds. In addition, Black studies at a HBCU may be considered the norm, yet here at O.U., where African Americans are considered few in number, is an advantage because while achieving African Americans still have the chance to stick to their roots. This was accomplished through various activities, one of the most influential, the infamous group projects. Although initially, I was against this idea, I’ve grown accustomed, which allowed me to enjoy this experience. Not only does it allow us as students the opportunity to adapt to change, and learn to communicate and work in a collaborative group effort, it allowed an opportunity to play off each other’s strengths, while creating and maintain relationships for friendships and networking purposes. I truly enjoyed the varying personalities and effort of my group and have a completely insight regarding group work. This indeed prepared us to learn how to work in groups with diverse individuals, since the world itself consist of diversity; why not start in the classroom? With change comes patience, a theory I was able to experience firsthand. The blog assignments were always thought provoking and required time to prepare. Yet once you start, it’s easy to start expressing your ideas and opinions. Although this was my first class that used blogs for assignment purposes, it was an innovative way for students to express personal opinions, and both share and comment their thoughts regarding each other’s ideas. It is always beneficial to see other people’s ideas because it allows you as a student to realize that there are contrasting viewpoints out there. This class was definitely one that promotes d individuality, and self expression. It was not entirely too repetitive, yet effective enough where attention was always captured. For example, numerous guest speakers came, suggested readings, and a field trip to the law building were just a few of the perks to name a few. As a freshman, I felt at ease, this certainly allowed me to want to attend class. I would definitely recommend this class to anybody who is interested.
Black studies may be still considered a questionable topic. I know for a fact that my generation is inquisitive, as a result, will question everything that they may feel doesn’t apply to them. This is the specialty of black studies. Although its primary focus dwells in the African American community, the experiences, endeavors and problems have no color, because they can relate to all races in some fashion or form. Black studies is a “blessing in disguise” that was not available to our ancestors. Not once did they consider the strife and victory they experience to be incorporated into a program that is currently readily accessible to student’s everywhere. Black studies have allowed some many more genres to branch off of it and in other curriculums, such as Africa and the Diaspora. It is amazing to witness the advancements, struggles, and unity of African Americans, and consider how it is relative today. I consider Black studies as an implied inspiration, an inspiration that never directly states such messages, but are routinely displayed throughout their work ethic. It not only opens our eyes to the obstacles African American’s ancestors had to overcome, it introduces areas that blacks are succeeding in such as Black Philosophy. What is the likelihood of an average student knowing that such as this existed? Hence the importance of this program. It never ceases to amaze me on the limited resources that were available back then, yet some of the greatest inventors, scientist, and leaders were born. If anything, this is encouraging as a African American. Black studies provide students of all races the opportunity to become a part of their worlds. In addition, Black studies at a HBCU may be considered the norm, yet here at O.U., where African Americans are considered few in number, is an advantage because while achieving African Americans still have the chance to stick to their roots. This was accomplished through various activities, one of the most influential, the infamous group projects. Although initially, I was against this idea, I’ve grown accustomed, which allowed me to enjoy this experience. Not only does it allow us as students the opportunity to adapt to change, and learn to communicate and work in a collaborative group effort, it allowed an opportunity to play off each other’s strengths, while creating and maintain relationships for friendships and networking purposes. I truly enjoyed the varying personalities and effort of my group and have a completely insight regarding group work. This indeed prepared us to learn how to work in groups with diverse individuals, since the world itself consist of diversity; why not start in the classroom? With change comes patience, a theory I was able to experience firsthand. The blog assignments were always thought provoking and required time to prepare. Yet once you start, it’s easy to start expressing your ideas and opinions. Although this was my first class that used blogs for assignment purposes, it was an innovative way for students to express personal opinions, and both share and comment their thoughts regarding each other’s ideas. It is always beneficial to see other people’s ideas because it allows you as a student to realize that there are contrasting viewpoints out there. This class was definitely one that promotes d individuality, and self expression. It was not entirely too repetitive, yet effective enough where attention was always captured. For example, numerous guest speakers came, suggested readings, and a field trip to the law building were just a few of the perks to name a few. As a freshman, I felt at ease, this certainly allowed me to want to attend class. I would definitely recommend this class to anybody who is interested.
Saturday, April 18, 2009
AFAM-Extra Credit
I believe that is safe to say, that the television is the most influential media available in today’s society. With that being said, many opinions and or conclusions are drawn based on the information provided. In most cases a particular group is either targeted, or left out. I’m focused on the second part of this fact. We are all well aware of H.I.V, the causes, possible treatments, and preventions. These words have been embedded within one’s mind, for sometimes now. Yet I recently discovered that this hasn’t always been the case for African Americans. As an African American woman, this disturbing fact was indeed an eye opener. HIV’s portrayal as a” white-gay-man’s’ disease in 1981 easily mislead African Americans who although obviously didn’t fit into this category, were oblivious to the fact that HIV is color-blind. Consequently a nonchalant attitude towards HIV was adopted. As a result, African Americans are in the lead of the HIV diagnosis’ race; with African American women striving for the gold. African Americans are said to have 55% of H.I.V. infections (guiding right). Sadly, that’s not including the unknown. People that were known to be infected were usually famous, which eventually plummeted. The surplus of the well known African American basket ball player Magic Johnson led to a reality check for African Americans: it can happen to me. Magic Johnson unconsciously facilitated in this much needed epiphany. I was whole hardly agreed that celebrities make an impact on situations that the average person couldn’t. One would think that with the influence and impact that celebrities obtain, they would speak out- yet silence is usually addressed with this situation. Therefore media shows should expand HIV information outside HIV awareness week. Even so, it may be an uproar for awhile, and then die off. Why so? While the “old news” is dying off, unfortunately so is the African American community. Moreover, “disproportionate’ media issues combined with lack of funding, lack of insurance and education aid in this epidemic. Words of advice: get checked because HIV sees no color.
Jessica Turner
Friday, March 27, 2009
African American families
Wednesday
March 25, 2009
4:30p.m.
Wayans brothers
The CW
Television Comedy
African American Family -Father and two sons (early twenties)
Positive Image
Wednesday
March 25, 2009
5:00p.m.
My wife and Kids
Channel 36
Television Comedy
African American Family – Mother, Father, 3 children (1 teenage girl, one teenage boy, and a pre-teen girl)
Positive Image
March 26, 2009
Thursday
September, 2008
Ebony Magazine
4:00 p.m.
Article- Michelle Obama: a family affair
African American Family – Husband and Wife (middle-aged) 2 children (pre-teen-teen girls)
Positive Image
March 26, 2009
Thursday
September, 2008
Ebony Magazine
4:30
Article- Ending School Daze
African American Family –Husband and Wife 4 children, 3 girls, one boy. (1pre-teen girl, 2 early twenties, one early twenties)
Positive Image
March 26, 2009
Thursday
Ambi Commercial-The color of Flawless skin
African American Family- 3 generations,( Grandmother, (wise) daughter, (middle aged), early twenties) granddaughter
Chanel 36
Positive
March 26, 2009
Thursday
Fox23.com
8:45
Local news -Girl Fights a growing problems in schools
African American Family
Mother (Middle aged) and Daughter (teenager)
Negative
March 26, 2009
Thursday
Cbsnews.com
9:30
Local news-Improving Colon Cancer in the black community
Video clip
Positive
Personal Blog:
The world we reside in today is full of compelling images that tend to leave an impression and or portray a specific perception once noticed. I believe it safe to say, that a picture is worth a thousand words, because once we as humans visualize something, the experience is brought to life. This is exactly what happened to me in this assignment. I rarely watch TV as it is, but once one is expected to do something, the tables turn. I never noticed how media effectively portrays. While observing African Americans on television, I was quickly got the impression that structure is very important, any change in the regular rules cause chaos as displayed, in My wife and kids. This particular show gave the impression that African-American men have huge egos that can’t compromise, even with their wife. Despite this, the wife remained to be supportive and respected the fact that he needed to feel like a “man” sometimes. This indeed can influence our perceptions because it implies that All African men are selfish while the wives are self-less. Do I agree with this statement? Yes. It perceives to be that African American men, need to feel in control at all times, while to wives accept it. One thing that as positive was despite the class, because African American women are very independent today, a middle ground was eventually reached. Although humorous, these shows attempt to address major topics and never leave on a bad note, such as a disagreement because at the end of the day, their love oversees it all. Not saying that the comedy can’t go too far. For example, in the Wayans brothers, their poverty was often displayed sarcastically. This affects our perceptions because it is indirectly stating that African-Americans are low-middle class, and majority wil always remain this way. With this “classification” comes the idea that African American’s lack class and manners. I also observed that a lot of slang was used on the show as well as baggy clothing. This is a stereotype that has be instilled in society for some time now, and in a sense we are feeding into it. The difference with this show is that a mother was not present. I believe that this symbolically spoke the bigger picture; African- American families lack an important component of a family; a mother or a father. The insight portrayed here is that most African-American families lack either parent, which in some cases are true. Despite this, African American families are striving for better opportunities through their own venues, one being actively participating in home schooling. This may be a wise decision, considering the increase of violence in girls in public schools. An African American girl was interviewed due to her suspension for fighting. This is an image that I believe African Americans refighting daily. : The ghetto, mild tempered girl who will remind you of her attitude. This was a negative portrayl that African Americans strive to overcome. This implied that education is important to African-Americans. This indeed is true, some parents experienced hardship that their children could bypass. What’s the answer? A concise education. African –Americans tend to stick together in various aspects of life when necessary. Fit was good to see productive African-Americans who are not only concerned about their health, but attempting to change it for the better in magazines, with the images of soul food flying from left to right, African American perceive be , well, unhealthy. This article states otherwise. Lastly, the best representation of African American family’s s that should be used as a model are the Obama’s. Within the article, the joy that Michelle had towards her family is obvious. Moreover, words come and go, but images last forever. The media has a major impact on the overall opinions of many people because if it isn’t accessible, media is all that is available.
March 25, 2009
4:30p.m.
Wayans brothers
The CW
Television Comedy
African American Family -Father and two sons (early twenties)
Positive Image
Wednesday
March 25, 2009
5:00p.m.
My wife and Kids
Channel 36
Television Comedy
African American Family – Mother, Father, 3 children (1 teenage girl, one teenage boy, and a pre-teen girl)
Positive Image
March 26, 2009
Thursday
September, 2008
Ebony Magazine
4:00 p.m.
Article- Michelle Obama: a family affair
African American Family – Husband and Wife (middle-aged) 2 children (pre-teen-teen girls)
Positive Image
March 26, 2009
Thursday
September, 2008
Ebony Magazine
4:30
Article- Ending School Daze
African American Family –Husband and Wife 4 children, 3 girls, one boy. (1pre-teen girl, 2 early twenties, one early twenties)
Positive Image
March 26, 2009
Thursday
Ambi Commercial-The color of Flawless skin
African American Family- 3 generations,( Grandmother, (wise) daughter, (middle aged), early twenties) granddaughter
Chanel 36
Positive
March 26, 2009
Thursday
Fox23.com
8:45
Local news -Girl Fights a growing problems in schools
African American Family
Mother (Middle aged) and Daughter (teenager)
Negative
March 26, 2009
Thursday
Cbsnews.com
9:30
Local news-Improving Colon Cancer in the black community
Video clip
Positive
Personal Blog:
The world we reside in today is full of compelling images that tend to leave an impression and or portray a specific perception once noticed. I believe it safe to say, that a picture is worth a thousand words, because once we as humans visualize something, the experience is brought to life. This is exactly what happened to me in this assignment. I rarely watch TV as it is, but once one is expected to do something, the tables turn. I never noticed how media effectively portrays. While observing African Americans on television, I was quickly got the impression that structure is very important, any change in the regular rules cause chaos as displayed, in My wife and kids. This particular show gave the impression that African-American men have huge egos that can’t compromise, even with their wife. Despite this, the wife remained to be supportive and respected the fact that he needed to feel like a “man” sometimes. This indeed can influence our perceptions because it implies that All African men are selfish while the wives are self-less. Do I agree with this statement? Yes. It perceives to be that African American men, need to feel in control at all times, while to wives accept it. One thing that as positive was despite the class, because African American women are very independent today, a middle ground was eventually reached. Although humorous, these shows attempt to address major topics and never leave on a bad note, such as a disagreement because at the end of the day, their love oversees it all. Not saying that the comedy can’t go too far. For example, in the Wayans brothers, their poverty was often displayed sarcastically. This affects our perceptions because it is indirectly stating that African-Americans are low-middle class, and majority wil always remain this way. With this “classification” comes the idea that African American’s lack class and manners. I also observed that a lot of slang was used on the show as well as baggy clothing. This is a stereotype that has be instilled in society for some time now, and in a sense we are feeding into it. The difference with this show is that a mother was not present. I believe that this symbolically spoke the bigger picture; African- American families lack an important component of a family; a mother or a father. The insight portrayed here is that most African-American families lack either parent, which in some cases are true. Despite this, African American families are striving for better opportunities through their own venues, one being actively participating in home schooling. This may be a wise decision, considering the increase of violence in girls in public schools. An African American girl was interviewed due to her suspension for fighting. This is an image that I believe African Americans refighting daily. : The ghetto, mild tempered girl who will remind you of her attitude. This was a negative portrayl that African Americans strive to overcome. This implied that education is important to African-Americans. This indeed is true, some parents experienced hardship that their children could bypass. What’s the answer? A concise education. African –Americans tend to stick together in various aspects of life when necessary. Fit was good to see productive African-Americans who are not only concerned about their health, but attempting to change it for the better in magazines, with the images of soul food flying from left to right, African American perceive be , well, unhealthy. This article states otherwise. Lastly, the best representation of African American family’s s that should be used as a model are the Obama’s. Within the article, the joy that Michelle had towards her family is obvious. Moreover, words come and go, but images last forever. The media has a major impact on the overall opinions of many people because if it isn’t accessible, media is all that is available.
Wednesday, February 25, 2009
2-27-09 blog
1. Before the Harlem Renaissance, blacks were viewed with little to no respect. African-Americans were looked down upon due to their contributions, or lack thereof to society. Before the Harlem Renaissance, African Americans had nothing to claim their as their own. Thus the Birth of the Harlem Renaissance was created. During the 1920’s, African Americans were able to express themselves through various types of arts, both visual and musical. “The Harlem Renaissance In the Harlem Renaissance, people found a variety of ways for self-expression and self-determination. Art was one of these”. (google.com) The Harlem renaissance was also considered a time of “firsts” or new beginnings. “The first major public recognition of African American culture occurred during the Harlem Renaissance. In the 1920s and 1930s, African American music, literature, and art gained wide notice. Authors such as Zora Neale Hurston and Nella Larsen and poets such as Langston Hughes, Claude McKay, and Countee Cullen wrote works describing the African American experience. Jazz, swing, blues and other musical forms entered American popular music. African American artists such as William H. Johnson and Palmer Hayden created unique works of art featuring African Americans”. (google.com) In conclusion, The Harlem renaissance was a time of reconstructing the Black image to overcome racial barriers that secretly exist. “Central to the movement was efforts to explore all aspects of the African American experience and to re-conceptualize "the Negro" independent of white stereotypes”. (google.com)
2.
The civil rights movement has been defined as “political, legal, and social struggle by black Americans to gain full citizenship rights and to achieve racial equality”. (ask.com). though this may be true, I believe it is appropriate to provide a formal definition.”The civil rights movement was first and foremost a challenge to segregation, the system of laws and customs separating blacks and whites that whites used to control blacks after slavery was abolished in the 1860s. During the civil rights movement, individuals and civil rights organizations challenged segregation and discrimination with a variety of activities, including protest marches, boycotts, and refusal to abide by segregation laws. Many believe that the movement began with the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955 and ended with the Voting Rights Act of 1965, though there is debate about when it began and whether it has ended yet. The civil rights movement has also been called the Black Freedom Movement, the Negro Revolution, and the Second Reconstruction.” (Encarta.com)
3. The death of Emmett Till was a tragedy that forcefully opened the eyes of the American public. Racism was indeed at its peak during the time of this incident; this event just expressed the immediate need for change. Emmett’s death remained locked in the hearts of those who witnessed such a crisis. Although the name did sound familiar, I was not aware of this incident before today’s class. The image of a once innocent child, transformed into a disfigured creature was indeed horrifying. “Emmett Till was a 14 year old resident of Chicago who was sent to visit his family in Mississippi in the summer of 1955. This can be considered a universal rite of passage in America: many children are sent out of the hot city in the summer to visit relatives in the country. Unfortunately, Emmett's destination was Money, Mississippi, and he did not know the rules of the inequitable game there. When Emmett had the audacity to whistle at a white woman named Carolyn Bryant, his fate was sealed. The events that happened afterwards are an ugly part of America's history. Emmett was taken from his family's home (by Bryant's husband and another man); he was beaten, mutilated, shot, and strangled. When Emmett's body was found in the Tallahatchie River, it no longer looked like that of a 14 year old but more like a bloated, disfigured alien. Fifty years have passed since Emmett died and many Americans have changed; however, many have not. Some of that same kind of hatred and intolerance still exists in our society. We are called to action by Emmett's story to live lives of tolerance and peace. While one can never make sense of such brutality, Emmett's memory can be honored as much as any soldier who died in battle. For in essence Emmett died for a cause, one that was as noble as any before or since: the right to be, to live, to exist in equity and harmony”.(google.com)
4. “The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was founded in 1960 by young people dedicated to non-violent, direct-action tactics. “ http://www.stanford.edu/group/King/about_king/encyclopedia/enc_SNCC.htm The idea for a decentralized, student-run organization was conceived in April 1960 when Ella Baker, a veteran civil rights organizer and an official of SCLC, invited black college students who had participated in the 1960 sit-ins to gather at Shaw University in Raleigh, North Carolina. Baker also invited representatives of other civil rights organizations to the meeting, but asked them to serve only in an advisory role. SNCC's original statement of purpose established nonviolence as the driving philosophy behind the organization. However, things were never that simple. In the early days, during the period of the sit-in movement, nonviolent action was strictly enforced, particularly for public demonstrations, as it was key to the movement's success. The philosophy of nonviolence hit shakier ground when SNCC began its period of community organization in the South, having to face continual threats of perhaps deadly violence from whites. On many occasions SNCC offices were sprayed with bullets or torched by local white men. In 1963 Bob Moses and Jimmy Travis, SNCC workers trying to encourage black voters to register, were shot at while driving near Greenwood, Mississippi. Travis was hit and nearly died. Soon after, the Harlem Riots took place. It was the first urban race riot, and brought the topic of black-initiated violence into public debate. Such actions were no longer assumed to be counter productive. This event, and eventually the rise of black power, led to the fall of nonviolence in SNCC. Black Power was the guiding philosophy of SNCC in its later years. It began to develop and take hold sometime after 1964, and came to prominence in 1966 when Stokely Carmichael became head of the organization.
5.“King was raised in a comfortable middle-class family where education was stressed. On the other hand, Malcolm X came from and underprivileged home; he was a self-taught man who received little schooling and rose to greatness on his own intelligence and determination.” http://www.freeessays.cc/db/43/svn188.shtml . This is a short piece of an essay that described both men’s lives n more depth. It was made clear that the two prominent men were from two completely differ worlds. Due to his early experience with the Klux Klux Klan,( death of his father) a deep seed of hatred was formulated. For this reason, Malcolm X believed that the only way to win was to “fight fire with fire”. Malcolm believed that intergration would not help the blacks build their race by embracing their “african-ness”. Conversely, King believed in integration. “He believed that only through violence would conditions change”. Malcolm X was a man who since birth was independent. He didn’t feel the need to depend on man. Malcolm indeed had good intentions, yet his hatred for whites, or what he referred to as “white devils” was considered a burden that kept him from succeeding in life. Despite his peaceful religion, Malcolm didn’t hesitate enforcing the idea of retaliation of the blacks were harmed in anyway. This indeed conflicted with martin Luther King’s theory. King’s philosophy can be included the following:”non-violent protest and a vision of a race less society” ( http://www.articlesbase.com/) King’s upbringing wasn’t as intense as Malcolm X’s, therefore, his viewpoint varied significantly form Malcolm’s. Moreover, Martin believed in encouraging blacks and whites to harmonize and come together as Americans.
6.. Although the civil right movement obtained specific goals related to the overall treatment of African-Americans, one main goal still remained an essential factor; to end racial discrimination based on race, color, creed, or gender as well as to put an end to segregation. I personally believe that this goal was achieved, despite its criticism. Generally speaking racism and segregation is not at least as apparent and tedious as it was then. African-Americans have equal opportunities both professionally and academically. We must keep in mind that despite all the effort put towards this movement, some people are set in their beliefs, also that there is always room for improvement. We should always strive to improve the system that we have now, what can’t harm us, can only help us. Moreover, if the activities that occurred years ago didn’t take place, I would not be reflecting how they personally affected my life.
7.. I definitely believe that different life experiences help mold our personal opinion. Therefore, this is indeed accurate. For example, if you have been wealthy all you life, and never had to experience struggles, with money never being a problem, that is what you become accustomed to. It may reach the point to where you believe that it’s the same for everyone, because e that’s all that surrounds you. When in reality, poverty does exist. With this one-sided perspective, it makes it difficult to relate to other people, situations, or ideas that you may have not personally experienced. Sadly, the world we live in (despite its diversity), is limited in a sense. People rarely take the time to relate to step outside of the box that society and their surroundings have placed them in, to realize that not everyone experiences the same life style. In conclusion, conversely if all I embrace are hardships, how can I be supportive of someone who isn’t? This lack of understanding can result in avoidable conflict.
2.
The civil rights movement has been defined as “political, legal, and social struggle by black Americans to gain full citizenship rights and to achieve racial equality”. (ask.com). though this may be true, I believe it is appropriate to provide a formal definition.”The civil rights movement was first and foremost a challenge to segregation, the system of laws and customs separating blacks and whites that whites used to control blacks after slavery was abolished in the 1860s. During the civil rights movement, individuals and civil rights organizations challenged segregation and discrimination with a variety of activities, including protest marches, boycotts, and refusal to abide by segregation laws. Many believe that the movement began with the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955 and ended with the Voting Rights Act of 1965, though there is debate about when it began and whether it has ended yet. The civil rights movement has also been called the Black Freedom Movement, the Negro Revolution, and the Second Reconstruction.” (Encarta.com)
3. The death of Emmett Till was a tragedy that forcefully opened the eyes of the American public. Racism was indeed at its peak during the time of this incident; this event just expressed the immediate need for change. Emmett’s death remained locked in the hearts of those who witnessed such a crisis. Although the name did sound familiar, I was not aware of this incident before today’s class. The image of a once innocent child, transformed into a disfigured creature was indeed horrifying. “Emmett Till was a 14 year old resident of Chicago who was sent to visit his family in Mississippi in the summer of 1955. This can be considered a universal rite of passage in America: many children are sent out of the hot city in the summer to visit relatives in the country. Unfortunately, Emmett's destination was Money, Mississippi, and he did not know the rules of the inequitable game there. When Emmett had the audacity to whistle at a white woman named Carolyn Bryant, his fate was sealed. The events that happened afterwards are an ugly part of America's history. Emmett was taken from his family's home (by Bryant's husband and another man); he was beaten, mutilated, shot, and strangled. When Emmett's body was found in the Tallahatchie River, it no longer looked like that of a 14 year old but more like a bloated, disfigured alien. Fifty years have passed since Emmett died and many Americans have changed; however, many have not. Some of that same kind of hatred and intolerance still exists in our society. We are called to action by Emmett's story to live lives of tolerance and peace. While one can never make sense of such brutality, Emmett's memory can be honored as much as any soldier who died in battle. For in essence Emmett died for a cause, one that was as noble as any before or since: the right to be, to live, to exist in equity and harmony”.(google.com)
4. “The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was founded in 1960 by young people dedicated to non-violent, direct-action tactics. “ http://www.stanford.edu/group/King/about_king/encyclopedia/enc_SNCC.htm The idea for a decentralized, student-run organization was conceived in April 1960 when Ella Baker, a veteran civil rights organizer and an official of SCLC, invited black college students who had participated in the 1960 sit-ins to gather at Shaw University in Raleigh, North Carolina. Baker also invited representatives of other civil rights organizations to the meeting, but asked them to serve only in an advisory role. SNCC's original statement of purpose established nonviolence as the driving philosophy behind the organization. However, things were never that simple. In the early days, during the period of the sit-in movement, nonviolent action was strictly enforced, particularly for public demonstrations, as it was key to the movement's success. The philosophy of nonviolence hit shakier ground when SNCC began its period of community organization in the South, having to face continual threats of perhaps deadly violence from whites. On many occasions SNCC offices were sprayed with bullets or torched by local white men. In 1963 Bob Moses and Jimmy Travis, SNCC workers trying to encourage black voters to register, were shot at while driving near Greenwood, Mississippi. Travis was hit and nearly died. Soon after, the Harlem Riots took place. It was the first urban race riot, and brought the topic of black-initiated violence into public debate. Such actions were no longer assumed to be counter productive. This event, and eventually the rise of black power, led to the fall of nonviolence in SNCC. Black Power was the guiding philosophy of SNCC in its later years. It began to develop and take hold sometime after 1964, and came to prominence in 1966 when Stokely Carmichael became head of the organization.
5.“King was raised in a comfortable middle-class family where education was stressed. On the other hand, Malcolm X came from and underprivileged home; he was a self-taught man who received little schooling and rose to greatness on his own intelligence and determination.” http://www.freeessays.cc/db/43/svn188.shtml . This is a short piece of an essay that described both men’s lives n more depth. It was made clear that the two prominent men were from two completely differ worlds. Due to his early experience with the Klux Klux Klan,( death of his father) a deep seed of hatred was formulated. For this reason, Malcolm X believed that the only way to win was to “fight fire with fire”. Malcolm believed that intergration would not help the blacks build their race by embracing their “african-ness”. Conversely, King believed in integration. “He believed that only through violence would conditions change”. Malcolm X was a man who since birth was independent. He didn’t feel the need to depend on man. Malcolm indeed had good intentions, yet his hatred for whites, or what he referred to as “white devils” was considered a burden that kept him from succeeding in life. Despite his peaceful religion, Malcolm didn’t hesitate enforcing the idea of retaliation of the blacks were harmed in anyway. This indeed conflicted with martin Luther King’s theory. King’s philosophy can be included the following:”non-violent protest and a vision of a race less society” ( http://www.articlesbase.com/) King’s upbringing wasn’t as intense as Malcolm X’s, therefore, his viewpoint varied significantly form Malcolm’s. Moreover, Martin believed in encouraging blacks and whites to harmonize and come together as Americans.
6.. Although the civil right movement obtained specific goals related to the overall treatment of African-Americans, one main goal still remained an essential factor; to end racial discrimination based on race, color, creed, or gender as well as to put an end to segregation. I personally believe that this goal was achieved, despite its criticism. Generally speaking racism and segregation is not at least as apparent and tedious as it was then. African-Americans have equal opportunities both professionally and academically. We must keep in mind that despite all the effort put towards this movement, some people are set in their beliefs, also that there is always room for improvement. We should always strive to improve the system that we have now, what can’t harm us, can only help us. Moreover, if the activities that occurred years ago didn’t take place, I would not be reflecting how they personally affected my life.
7.. I definitely believe that different life experiences help mold our personal opinion. Therefore, this is indeed accurate. For example, if you have been wealthy all you life, and never had to experience struggles, with money never being a problem, that is what you become accustomed to. It may reach the point to where you believe that it’s the same for everyone, because e that’s all that surrounds you. When in reality, poverty does exist. With this one-sided perspective, it makes it difficult to relate to other people, situations, or ideas that you may have not personally experienced. Sadly, the world we live in (despite its diversity), is limited in a sense. People rarely take the time to relate to step outside of the box that society and their surroundings have placed them in, to realize that not everyone experiences the same life style. In conclusion, conversely if all I embrace are hardships, how can I be supportive of someone who isn’t? This lack of understanding can result in avoidable conflict.
Friday, February 20, 2009
20 personal privileges
20 personal privileges By Jessica Turner
1. I am privileged to (without asking) have the door held open for me by the opposite sex. It is almost expected. As a young woman, I am expected to be treated as one, therefore common courtesies such as the aforementioned one above occurs occasionally. This also includes opening the car door, or having your purse held at the mall for you by your significant other while shopping. This is a privilege because it is act of kindness that is automatically given due to my gender.
2. I am privileged to go on a date without the burdening worry or hassle of paying. I can yet again, (especially if this is the first date) expect to be treated with respect. This means, the male steps in by taking his opportunity to do so by purchasing the meal. This is a privilege because it isn’t required, but expected and appreciated. I received such rewards simply by being born a woman.
3. I am privileged to have the opportunity to attend the college/university of my choice in contrast to my ancestors. My ancestors (if blessed financially) had to attend Historically Black Universities, which although was culturally great, limited them to other options out there. I am proud to be a student at an integrated college full of students with diverse ethnicities, beliefs and cultures. This is the “dream” that Martin Luther King wanted to see, am I’m glad to be living it.
4. I am privilege to seek after any career that interest me. There was a time that as an African-American I was restricted to being a house maid whose main priorities was satisfying the family. Now, in 2009, my priority is receiving a degree in Health & Exercise Science and applying to the Physical Therapy program. Moreover have a bright, endless opportunity.
5. I am privileged to be the first set of twins with in our family. I was told that I was a miracle because twins didn’t exist in my family until my sister and I came along, which is usually uncommon. Who knows, I may be able to break that chain one day. Another uncommon thing is for me to survive at such a small weight (3 pounds). In a sense, I’m also privilege d to be here, because not all pre-mature babies make it.
6. I am privileged to walk in a party and automatically receive acceptance due to my race. Usually, parties are filled with African-Americans. Not portraying that African-Americans only party in the least bit. The motto “work hard, play harder “may be relevant. On the other hand, African-Americans have always been a race that sticks together, in various aspects of life, including social events because usually, we are the minority. By sticking together, we can relate to our surroundings.
7. I am privileged to be a U.S. citizen. By living in the “land of the free”, I am granted opportunities that other cultures or countries strive for. It is a controversial situation, how can you be happy for yourself, when others around the world aren’t granted the same opportunities?
8. I am privileged to be mentally, physically, & spiritually stable. Unfortunately, a lot of people are struggling with issues that create problems in one, or all of these categories. Some are hereditary; some are the end result of a crisis. All are severe and should be treated with extreme care.
9. I am privileged to be literate. The personal testimony from Mrs. Williams really touched me. I cannot imagine living in this world, a world that does not favor minorities, and not be able to read, or write. Being a woman of color unfortunately added to the struggle. So if I lived in a different time , I would have two things working against me. There are people who are still struggling with this factor, some who may unfortunately never get to learn. That’s a primary reason why to not take education for granted.
10. I am privileged to have my mother in my life. Various things could be the reasons for a mothers absence in other people’s lives; some controllable, others uncontrollable. This indeed doesn’t apply only to African-Americans, because despite your race, we all need our mothers. But it is sadly rare for African-American parent/parents to be actively involved with in their children’s lives. Although this negative portrayal is becoming a statistic, my mother is, and always will be in my life. It definitely makes an affect on you personally.
11. I’m privileged to have the option to wed a husband of my choice, rather than unlawfully, be forced to participate in a pre-arranged wedding due to cultural beliefs. A wedding is a special and memorable day; therefore, it should be what you as the bride (and groom for that matter) want. (Usually these marriages aren’t significant because they don’t know each other).
12. I’m privileged to have the opportunity to use my passport to see the world. There is so much out there to see, and with access to my passport, it’s even more attainable.
13. I’m privileged to have access to clean, filtered water. Water is a necessity to survive; therefore having an abundant amount that’s both safe and tasty to drink is a plus.
14. I am privileged to have walked in a restaurant and with the right of getting adequately served in contrast to my ancestors. There was a time when my people would in fact get ignored or ridiculed for thinking they deserve service. This should definitely not be taken for granted.
15. I am privileged to have cable. Living in a technologically advanced world is rewarding because you are never behind. It’s easier and quicker to stay updated with the latest news, fashions and more.
16. I am privileged to have received vocational training from a technology center in Tulsa Oklahoma. The teachers at these intuitions have a primary goal: to ensure a “real-world” learning experience for the students. As a student there, you can network, while growing professionally and tune in to a preview of a career of your choice. With the completion and application process increasing, it was an honor.
17. I’m privileged to have good health; including but not limited to respiratory, circulatory, and cardio-vascular system. I also am privileged to have the use of all of my extremities. Unfortunately, not all people are blessed with good health, or ability to move/ and or use their arms and legs for medical reasons. Therefore, I need not to take it for granted.
18. I’m privilege to have the option of wearing pants to my church. There are still some churches who firmly believe that women should only wear skirts in the sanctuary. Thankfully, my church is not as consumed in the image, but the reason for gathering.
19. I’m privileged to have access to technology. For example, cell phones, lab tops, and ipods. Some of these my parents, and grandparents didn’t get to experience in their childhood.
20. I’m privileged to have the option/right to express myself through clothing, hair styles, piercings, and tattoos. This privilege is not open to everyone. I am especially privileged to attend a university with a lot of lee-way regarding clothing. For example, no uniforms. There was a time that women had to wear long skirts every day, and ties for the men. Thankfully, a dress code is irrelevant.
1. I am privileged to (without asking) have the door held open for me by the opposite sex. It is almost expected. As a young woman, I am expected to be treated as one, therefore common courtesies such as the aforementioned one above occurs occasionally. This also includes opening the car door, or having your purse held at the mall for you by your significant other while shopping. This is a privilege because it is act of kindness that is automatically given due to my gender.
2. I am privileged to go on a date without the burdening worry or hassle of paying. I can yet again, (especially if this is the first date) expect to be treated with respect. This means, the male steps in by taking his opportunity to do so by purchasing the meal. This is a privilege because it isn’t required, but expected and appreciated. I received such rewards simply by being born a woman.
3. I am privileged to have the opportunity to attend the college/university of my choice in contrast to my ancestors. My ancestors (if blessed financially) had to attend Historically Black Universities, which although was culturally great, limited them to other options out there. I am proud to be a student at an integrated college full of students with diverse ethnicities, beliefs and cultures. This is the “dream” that Martin Luther King wanted to see, am I’m glad to be living it.
4. I am privilege to seek after any career that interest me. There was a time that as an African-American I was restricted to being a house maid whose main priorities was satisfying the family. Now, in 2009, my priority is receiving a degree in Health & Exercise Science and applying to the Physical Therapy program. Moreover have a bright, endless opportunity.
5. I am privileged to be the first set of twins with in our family. I was told that I was a miracle because twins didn’t exist in my family until my sister and I came along, which is usually uncommon. Who knows, I may be able to break that chain one day. Another uncommon thing is for me to survive at such a small weight (3 pounds). In a sense, I’m also privilege d to be here, because not all pre-mature babies make it.
6. I am privileged to walk in a party and automatically receive acceptance due to my race. Usually, parties are filled with African-Americans. Not portraying that African-Americans only party in the least bit. The motto “work hard, play harder “may be relevant. On the other hand, African-Americans have always been a race that sticks together, in various aspects of life, including social events because usually, we are the minority. By sticking together, we can relate to our surroundings.
7. I am privileged to be a U.S. citizen. By living in the “land of the free”, I am granted opportunities that other cultures or countries strive for. It is a controversial situation, how can you be happy for yourself, when others around the world aren’t granted the same opportunities?
8. I am privileged to be mentally, physically, & spiritually stable. Unfortunately, a lot of people are struggling with issues that create problems in one, or all of these categories. Some are hereditary; some are the end result of a crisis. All are severe and should be treated with extreme care.
9. I am privileged to be literate. The personal testimony from Mrs. Williams really touched me. I cannot imagine living in this world, a world that does not favor minorities, and not be able to read, or write. Being a woman of color unfortunately added to the struggle. So if I lived in a different time , I would have two things working against me. There are people who are still struggling with this factor, some who may unfortunately never get to learn. That’s a primary reason why to not take education for granted.
10. I am privileged to have my mother in my life. Various things could be the reasons for a mothers absence in other people’s lives; some controllable, others uncontrollable. This indeed doesn’t apply only to African-Americans, because despite your race, we all need our mothers. But it is sadly rare for African-American parent/parents to be actively involved with in their children’s lives. Although this negative portrayal is becoming a statistic, my mother is, and always will be in my life. It definitely makes an affect on you personally.
11. I’m privileged to have the option to wed a husband of my choice, rather than unlawfully, be forced to participate in a pre-arranged wedding due to cultural beliefs. A wedding is a special and memorable day; therefore, it should be what you as the bride (and groom for that matter) want. (Usually these marriages aren’t significant because they don’t know each other).
12. I’m privileged to have the opportunity to use my passport to see the world. There is so much out there to see, and with access to my passport, it’s even more attainable.
13. I’m privileged to have access to clean, filtered water. Water is a necessity to survive; therefore having an abundant amount that’s both safe and tasty to drink is a plus.
14. I am privileged to have walked in a restaurant and with the right of getting adequately served in contrast to my ancestors. There was a time when my people would in fact get ignored or ridiculed for thinking they deserve service. This should definitely not be taken for granted.
15. I am privileged to have cable. Living in a technologically advanced world is rewarding because you are never behind. It’s easier and quicker to stay updated with the latest news, fashions and more.
16. I am privileged to have received vocational training from a technology center in Tulsa Oklahoma. The teachers at these intuitions have a primary goal: to ensure a “real-world” learning experience for the students. As a student there, you can network, while growing professionally and tune in to a preview of a career of your choice. With the completion and application process increasing, it was an honor.
17. I’m privileged to have good health; including but not limited to respiratory, circulatory, and cardio-vascular system. I also am privileged to have the use of all of my extremities. Unfortunately, not all people are blessed with good health, or ability to move/ and or use their arms and legs for medical reasons. Therefore, I need not to take it for granted.
18. I’m privilege to have the option of wearing pants to my church. There are still some churches who firmly believe that women should only wear skirts in the sanctuary. Thankfully, my church is not as consumed in the image, but the reason for gathering.
19. I’m privileged to have access to technology. For example, cell phones, lab tops, and ipods. Some of these my parents, and grandparents didn’t get to experience in their childhood.
20. I’m privileged to have the option/right to express myself through clothing, hair styles, piercings, and tattoos. This privilege is not open to everyone. I am especially privileged to attend a university with a lot of lee-way regarding clothing. For example, no uniforms. There was a time that women had to wear long skirts every day, and ties for the men. Thankfully, a dress code is irrelevant.
Privelages Reflection
“An opportunity, that is granted, not guaranteed.” This is my initial though regarding privilege. I consider a privilege to be a blessing that not everyone has the chance to experience. Privilege is term that can refer to various aspect of one’s life. For some, a privilege is a blessing that one should be grateful for. For others a privilege is a personal opportunity that is sought after. It is presumed to be available to everyone despite gender, race, or age. Sometimes this thought can definitely be questionable. A privilege is viewed to be free, to a certain extent of course. By free, I ‘m referring to its availability. When I consider privileges, I relate them in a restricted manner, For example, I reflect on the privileges I have now that my ancestors didn’t have the chance to contain. Though this may be true, in order to receive a privilege, hard work is required. Yet is it available to everyone? Though this is hoped for, privileges, like most material things can be taken away. So they are usually cherished. However, they are also taken for granted. There are privileges that we as Americans receive daily, that we never take heed of. In a sense, privileges are rights that are optional. Typically, when considering a privilege, one usually views, or considers it as an honor; meaning that only the “best of the best” receive such a reward. If privileges are open and available to the public, why are they not promised to everyone? For this reason, we must keep in mind, that promises can be broken. In a sense, some privileges require certain criteria to be met in order to receive it. In other words, it is a competition; may the best one win. Is this fair? Of course not. Despite the positive connotations the term privileges has, there is always two sides to every story. What I mean by this is that for minorities, some privileges that should be color blind, obtain unconscious favoritism. As an African-American, I have a innate factor that was passed to me from my parents, and so on; to work harder to be as adequate as my competition, Caucasians. The world we live in today is still blinded by race, and not quality as a result, African-Americans in my opinion received “the short end of the stick” in relations to privileges. Unfortunately our race has an uncontrollable, unchangeable restraint that tries, and sometimes succeeds in getting in our way politically, socially, and economically which makes us not viewed the same way. What is this restraint; the amount of melanin in our skin. Our people have experienced hardships that indeed, at the end of the day make us stronger, but is this considered a privilege? Why is it that my race/ethnicity introduces or tells the world who I am without me stating a word? Privileges are also given to those in some cases, don’t deserve it. For this reason, White people (though they experience their troubles also) simply can’t grasp the intensity of the daily turmoil’s that my people experience even now, especially in the professional realm. They don’t have to worry about being judged, or, called a “sell-out” for wanting a better life by doing positive things by their peers. For them, it’s considered a norm to have the things they own, or opportunities they receive because everyone around them has it. Sadly the people surrounding them are of the same race. If people only knew what they really had, instead of allowing greed to conquer them the world might be a better place. I feel that despite the hindrance my race and ethnicity tires to put on me, it will not succeed. Moreover, I feel privileged to be a member of such a profound culture that by time keeps accomplishing great things. Does this mean that I will be defeated by the world that surrounds me? Not by the least bit. It means that I will live in the world, and not of it.
Thursday, February 12, 2009
NAACP Questions
Afam Questions:
1. “The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was formed in 1909 and is the nation’s oldest and largest civil rights organization. From its inception, the NAACP has been at the fore front protecting civil rights of minority groups and all citizens. “The NAAP has been the voice of African Americans needed. The NAACP strives to provide services that can only enhance the future of the African-Americans. The NAACP believes in the youth of Today, who through their positive objectives will become the future of tomorrow. In the end, throughout the years the NAACP has provided the importance of equal opportunity through attendance of conferences, workshops, ect. The NAACP is an organization that helped, encouraged, and provided for the African Americans.
2. According to Amanda Strunk of East Central University, Following in support of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., the sit ins in Oklahoma City by the NAACP Youth Council of Oklahoma City was the foremost step needed for the ending of desegregation. This successful attempt was soon quickly modeled form various parts of the nation. Strunk asserts that “The sit-in of Oklahoma City followed years of progress in civil right actions.” The advisor for the local NAACP Youth Council created a play” Brother President” in response to Dr. Kings non-violent protest. Due to the NAACP Oklahoma City Youth council’s diligence, Strunk claims” The NAACP Oklahoma City Youth council started with 14 youth council members in 1958, but grew to 1,000 in 1961 making it the largest in the country. Moreover, the non-violent activities that took place molded a new road of endless possibilities for African-Americans today. Due to Clara Lupar’s determination, the Oklahoma City, sit in is often studied for the NAACP.
3. Online studies show that the NAACP had gained an important role in the civil rights movement by the mid 1960’s. “By 1966, the emergence of the Black Power movement, which lasted roughly from 1966-1975, enlarged the aims of the Civil Rights Movement to include racial dignity, economic and political self-suffienceiny and freedom from oppression by whites”. The NAACP’s primary goal was to make certain that the 14th, 15th, and 16th amendments were guaranteed. The amendments promised to end slavery, the equal protection of the law, and Universal adult made suffrage. The numerous court battles also assisted with the triumph of this organization. “The civil rights movement of the 1950’ echoed the NAACP moderate integrationists’ goal, but leaders such as Martin Luther King felt that direct attention was needed to obtain them”. Many members participated in non-violent demonstrations such as sit-in’s.
4. I believe the relevance between the African American Experience and the legal movement was the purpose they both shared: fulfill its goals of full suffrage and other civil rights, as well as the accomplished goal that affects African Americans today”. The end of segregation and racial violence in a sense, are both interrelated such as cause and effect method.
5. Karenga of Intro to Black Studies claims “the period of Reconstruction (1865-1877) represented for African Americans “the best of times & the worst of times”. Karenga states that the FEEDMANS Bureau was established by congress in 1865 to guide and protect the freed Africans. The 1866 Civil Rights Act was also made in Black Favor. “Equal rights in public facility and jury dates”. Was the end result. Yet, you can’t fully appreciate the good without experiencing the bad, it indeed makes you that much stronger. African Americans didn’t receive the much needed support economically. In response to this hatred “Black Codes” were created. For many, no land meant a home, which left little to non options for most African Americans. However, Karenga confirms the effort to reconstruct the life of the African American and the South on the basis of freedom, justice, and inequality, failed for several reasons.
6. Since the NAACP was founded, the NAACP has provided more leaders for the black community. Today, there are over 600 Youth Councils high school chapters and college chapters are actively involved in social justice advocacy by addressing local issues. The NAACP is the only major Civil Rights organization which encourages young people to participate fully in aspects of its structure. Scholarships and College Preparation Day are created to assist in the African-American college experience. Scholarships such as Hubertus W.V. Wellims for males, Roy Wilkins, Lilian, and Samuel Sutton are examples just to name a few. This day provides free college preparation skills and financial id info. This is indeed a prime example of how the NAACP attempt in ensuring the success of African American youth. Additionally, the NAACP’s Back to School/Stay in School program, which has begun its 22nd year of “preparing, inspiring, and instructing youth of all ages with the tools necessary to graduate high school. This unique program was founded in 1984, and is composed of more than 30 sites located at churches, schools, and community centers across the nation. Students form elementary school to high school will have the academic support needed to succeed.
7. As admitted earlier in the year, my knowledge of my culture is limited, including its success. I have always known of the NAACP to get me by, yet never dug deep enough on my own to figure out what they truly were all about. My conclusion: They are solely here for one purpose, for African Americans to excel and become leaders of today’s tomorrow. I was very interested in the contrasting personal stories and experience both guest speakers endured, yet both are still beaming with success. It is encouraging to know that students like myself protested for their right which inadvertently tells me to not take mine for granted. I believe that African-Americans are true fighters who believe in their overall. I believe that students such as myself need to walk in the path that our ancestors and NAACP members have paved for us to continue this legacy. The legacy still exists today because their endurance exists in me as well.
1. “The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was formed in 1909 and is the nation’s oldest and largest civil rights organization. From its inception, the NAACP has been at the fore front protecting civil rights of minority groups and all citizens. “The NAAP has been the voice of African Americans needed. The NAACP strives to provide services that can only enhance the future of the African-Americans. The NAACP believes in the youth of Today, who through their positive objectives will become the future of tomorrow. In the end, throughout the years the NAACP has provided the importance of equal opportunity through attendance of conferences, workshops, ect. The NAACP is an organization that helped, encouraged, and provided for the African Americans.
2. According to Amanda Strunk of East Central University, Following in support of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., the sit ins in Oklahoma City by the NAACP Youth Council of Oklahoma City was the foremost step needed for the ending of desegregation. This successful attempt was soon quickly modeled form various parts of the nation. Strunk asserts that “The sit-in of Oklahoma City followed years of progress in civil right actions.” The advisor for the local NAACP Youth Council created a play” Brother President” in response to Dr. Kings non-violent protest. Due to the NAACP Oklahoma City Youth council’s diligence, Strunk claims” The NAACP Oklahoma City Youth council started with 14 youth council members in 1958, but grew to 1,000 in 1961 making it the largest in the country. Moreover, the non-violent activities that took place molded a new road of endless possibilities for African-Americans today. Due to Clara Lupar’s determination, the Oklahoma City, sit in is often studied for the NAACP.
3. Online studies show that the NAACP had gained an important role in the civil rights movement by the mid 1960’s. “By 1966, the emergence of the Black Power movement, which lasted roughly from 1966-1975, enlarged the aims of the Civil Rights Movement to include racial dignity, economic and political self-suffienceiny and freedom from oppression by whites”. The NAACP’s primary goal was to make certain that the 14th, 15th, and 16th amendments were guaranteed. The amendments promised to end slavery, the equal protection of the law, and Universal adult made suffrage. The numerous court battles also assisted with the triumph of this organization. “The civil rights movement of the 1950’ echoed the NAACP moderate integrationists’ goal, but leaders such as Martin Luther King felt that direct attention was needed to obtain them”. Many members participated in non-violent demonstrations such as sit-in’s.
4. I believe the relevance between the African American Experience and the legal movement was the purpose they both shared: fulfill its goals of full suffrage and other civil rights, as well as the accomplished goal that affects African Americans today”. The end of segregation and racial violence in a sense, are both interrelated such as cause and effect method.
5. Karenga of Intro to Black Studies claims “the period of Reconstruction (1865-1877) represented for African Americans “the best of times & the worst of times”. Karenga states that the FEEDMANS Bureau was established by congress in 1865 to guide and protect the freed Africans. The 1866 Civil Rights Act was also made in Black Favor. “Equal rights in public facility and jury dates”. Was the end result. Yet, you can’t fully appreciate the good without experiencing the bad, it indeed makes you that much stronger. African Americans didn’t receive the much needed support economically. In response to this hatred “Black Codes” were created. For many, no land meant a home, which left little to non options for most African Americans. However, Karenga confirms the effort to reconstruct the life of the African American and the South on the basis of freedom, justice, and inequality, failed for several reasons.
6. Since the NAACP was founded, the NAACP has provided more leaders for the black community. Today, there are over 600 Youth Councils high school chapters and college chapters are actively involved in social justice advocacy by addressing local issues. The NAACP is the only major Civil Rights organization which encourages young people to participate fully in aspects of its structure. Scholarships and College Preparation Day are created to assist in the African-American college experience. Scholarships such as Hubertus W.V. Wellims for males, Roy Wilkins, Lilian, and Samuel Sutton are examples just to name a few. This day provides free college preparation skills and financial id info. This is indeed a prime example of how the NAACP attempt in ensuring the success of African American youth. Additionally, the NAACP’s Back to School/Stay in School program, which has begun its 22nd year of “preparing, inspiring, and instructing youth of all ages with the tools necessary to graduate high school. This unique program was founded in 1984, and is composed of more than 30 sites located at churches, schools, and community centers across the nation. Students form elementary school to high school will have the academic support needed to succeed.
7. As admitted earlier in the year, my knowledge of my culture is limited, including its success. I have always known of the NAACP to get me by, yet never dug deep enough on my own to figure out what they truly were all about. My conclusion: They are solely here for one purpose, for African Americans to excel and become leaders of today’s tomorrow. I was very interested in the contrasting personal stories and experience both guest speakers endured, yet both are still beaming with success. It is encouraging to know that students like myself protested for their right which inadvertently tells me to not take mine for granted. I believe that African-Americans are true fighters who believe in their overall. I believe that students such as myself need to walk in the path that our ancestors and NAACP members have paved for us to continue this legacy. The legacy still exists today because their endurance exists in me as well.
Thursday, February 5, 2009
Do you see what I see? FBA
My topic today will be about ones identity. If this is going to be posted, I feel as if I might as well post something relative. My sociology class ( which i love) brought up a interesting topic- that being that depending on the circumstance, we as humans change indentities to fit that current circumstance. For example, right now I classify my self as a studnet. This weekend, or around my friends, it will change. In other words, we put on masks as if in a play production. I was wearing a mask fo quite some time. Until recently, I was the one who wanted to be invisible to the public eye. I would walk around school with my hood on, sliding past doors, hoping to not catch anyones attention. I would hate being in large crowds, and tremble at the thought of speaking to people i did'nt know. Yet while at home, I was always asked "How was school today? and would respond so confidently that my mother would'nt second guess my answer. I know that people can relate to this, same story differnt song. This went on until my freshman year of highschool. Ironcically enough, I attended bible stdy yesterday and lo and behold the topic "what is your identity"?. I remebered a time where I coul'ndt even see who i really was. I allowed my personal issues to reprsent me.- or the facade of me. Iv'e cried so many tears because of this issue, but my eyes are now dry. Through prayer, and maturity, I eventually got over that battle. But my point of this story is to emphasize the importance of loving yourself depiste your flaws. Ofcourse it's hard, but it can be done. I now have alot of charecteristics that define my personality. Though this is true, I am more than what i appear to be-physically. African American women are often limited to just "physical" within society. Maya Angelou declares otherwise in the unforgettbale"Still i rise". The same goes for African-American men. It seems as is a automatic sterotype is formulated: thug. We can't allow ourselves to prove socitiey right of their implications. WE do'nt have to become victims of our enviornment, but conqerers instead. With this being Black history month, we should feel proud and humble opuselves due to the aaccomlishments that were achieved. These conqerers paved the way for us, eliminating nay negativity proclaiming that African Americans aren't capable, and ensuring Obama's belief that YES WE CAN! Moreover, I want to leave you with this question. Do you like what you see in the mirror? If not, I would follow the words of a wise man: it's time for a change. (Obama)
repectfully submitted,
Jessica Turner
Friday, January 30, 2009
Can all the real christians please stand up?
Church. When this particular topic comes to mind, usually a negative automatic opinion is formulated. Although diverse, most young adults tend to view it through the same lenses: boring. If majority rules, why do young adults attend? Is it because they feel they pressure from the adult crowd? Will they be condemed and judge from fellow "christians"? These answers may vary, but one thing is for certain: In the late 1800's early 1900's, the church was once the only place that african-americans at the time felt free. Viewed as a major source of relief from their current pain and turmoil, Sundays were once anticipated. While at church praise and worship was through music; particulary song. Research has shown that slaves attended sercret worship meetings "because they needed to meet one another and share their joys, pains and hopes. In rural meetings, thousands slaves were gathered and listened to itinerant preachers, and sang spirituals, for hours." This indeed was a beautiful bond that each slave shared dearly, because for those brief moments, that service provided them the strength to perservere. Thankfully, today in the year of 2009, the African Methodist Episcopal Church can provided the same type of encouragemnt. I have been a member of my home church for 9 years, and despite it's old fashion methods, I enjoy every moment. The chucrh is a place for comfort, strength, and encouragemnt, for when times are both good and bad. The church is not only a place for worship, it serves a "political, social, and spiritual home for Blacks in the United States." So maybe, jsut maybe our elders are, and have been pushing us young adults for a reason. The African American church is sacred, and historical. I see it like this: If our ancestors' collected enough strength to continue praising God considering their circumstance, then I'm sure we can continue to do the same. Moreover, Afircan-American young adults should realize the power the church is capable of. With the right mindset and priorities, our lives will be that much easier and manageable. So stop waiting until the middle of a crisis, and show some initiative. The adult's obatain a deep passion for church and it's wonderous works, My final question is :where has our's gone?
Tuesday, January 27, 2009
BWA-African and African-American studies
Dr. Martin Luther King jr, Rosa Parks, Mary mcleod bethune. These are a few of the courageous leaders that automatically come to mind when referring to Black History. Although these influential individuals impacted african americans everywhere, this can be considered " the tip of the iceburg". Sadly, my knowledge is just as limited in regards to my own culture. Who's to blame for this dilema? I would have to say myself. So as a remedy, I'm enrolled in AFAM. Why? African Americans experienced alot of difficulty and rejection in a mere attempt to have African Americnan studies avaliable in the school system. Ofcourse, good always prevails over evil. Therefore I believe i owe it to myself and my ancestors to take advantage of the resources that are avalaible today. While reading, I realized that as a culture, African-Americnas excelled in various subjects such as Black Arts, Black relgion, and Black Psychology. This is indeed a major contribution to society which proves it's relevancy. I beleive that African and African American studies is a relevant discipline because their contributions discoveries, and trials mirror and shape the American society as a whole. The enriched history, both good and bad still effects and in most cases enhances the conditions and opportunites for minorities. I beleive it is a course that will allow the misconceptions, if any, to be erased and provide a more accurate and positive light regarding AFAM studies. It also allows you to apply it to your life today . Moreover I am excited to see what this course has in store for me.
(I did'nt know how to get the lonk for this article so I just included the earticl itself)
Jessica Turner
Blacks' imprint on America
From pain and gain, African Americans shape U.S. culture
By Greg BotelhoCNN New York Bureau
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Wednesday, February 5, 2003 Posted: 8:24 AM EST (1324 GMT)
A boy showcases African-American music and dance through art in 1935.
Story Tools
window.onerror=function(){clickURL=document.location.href;return true;}
if(!self.clickURL) clickURL=parent.location.href;
(CNN) -- African-American music, writing and innovations have been forged in struggle -- filled with pain and elation, self-consciousness and self-realization, hurt and healing.
It is a true American experience -- manifest in a profound, groundbreaking and influential culture.
"African-American culture has defined American culture," says Craig Werner, a professor of African-American studies at the University of Wisconsin in Madison.
Noting blacks' fight to realize all-American ideals such as equality and liberty, and their many expressions of courage and creativity, Werner adds, "People who had the most reason to reject the whole game, ironically enough, tend to be the deepest, purest expression of what America is about."
America has embraced black music, with blues, jazz, rap and rock 'n' roll making their way into the mainstream. Radio play lists reflect this fusion, and even the pop yardstick MTV nowadays is BET's cousin, with its abundance of black artists, says Tamara Brown, a historian at the Anacostia Museum, the Smithsonian's black history center.
African-American authors like Ralph Ellison, Richard Wright, Zora Neale Hurston and Toni Morrison belong to the nation's pantheon of great writers. Black artists, scientists, engineers, chefs, religious and political leaders have profoundly shaped America's day-to-day existence.
SPECIAL REPORT
• Blacks' imprint on America
• Interactive: Cultural pioneers
• Quiz: Black History trivia
• Interactive: Stamp gallery
• Special Report
The African-American experience is about ideals, and testing those ideals -- detailed in the Declaration of Independence and Constitution -- to see whether those high standards extend to all Americans, and working to make sure they do.
One hundred years after W.E.B. Du Bois, in "The Souls of Black Folk," said race would be the defining problem of the 20th century, academics, artists and everyday people are still struggling with gauging black Americans' role and the impact of slavery on American society.
"For blacks, coming here was a nightmare experience, being taken into slavery and thrown into bondage," says Bill Ferris, former chair of the National Endowment for the Humanities now at the University of North Carolina. "That long struggle of freedom continues today. When we talk about the black experience, it raises questions about the American dream."
Sounds of struggle, joy
When the first Africans were forcibly taken to the New World, they were stripped of their freedom, family, languages -- their fundamental identities. Even so, elements of their culture endured.
"You have had your language and your culture taken away from you," Werner says. "So how do you express that? You sing. You moan. You say it however you can say it."
"Music is part and parcel of every act in African-American life," says Portia Maultsby, director of the Archives of African-American Music and Culture at Indiana University, Bloomington. "It serves as a unifying force, but also as a communication vehicle and one of resistance."
Today's African-American music still brims with emotion and speaks for the disenfranchised, says Ferris.
Louis Armstrong and Carmen McRae star in a 1962 Monterrey Jazz Festival musical portraying black musicians as America's best ambassadors.
The creativity that's so evident in black music -- its many genres, and also the great variation within each one -- is characteristic of African-American culture as a whole, say scholars.
Black inventors, writers, artists and athletes have brought a unique sensibility, style and substance to American society, experts say. And they have often done so with less money, education and resources than many more privileged Americans.
"You don't have to be educated, you have to be creative," says Portia James, the Anacostia Museum's curator. "You just have to have initiative to solve the problem, to do something."
'Audacious hope'
Legendary author James Baldwin said being African American is about attitude, not skin color -- always experimenting and tackling challenges in the quest for success and self-discovery, according to Werner. That sentiment, he notes, is also distinctly American.
"What's fascinating about America is that we do accept risk, we do accept diversity, we do accept the idea that we're inventing ourselves over and over and over again," says Werner.
Yet black innovations have not always been welcomed or properly recognized. Maultsby points to jazz, which was "considered primitive and barbaric when it was introduced" but later became defined as quintessentially American.
Similar progressions -- abhorrence giving way to absorption -- hold true for rhythm and blues, rock 'n' roll and rap, she notes.
"When the minority culture moves into the mainstream, it becomes a mainstream tradition. We tend not to do that from the dominant end," says Maultsby. "Once they become commodities, the African-American roots become more invisible and less acknowledged."
Public Enemy's "Fear of a Black Planet," representative of hard-core rap, vented some African Americans' anger in the 1980s and 1990s.
But absorption also suggests admiration, and with it an acknowledgement of the creativity and quality of African-American artists.
"Even though society may have frowned upon relations between whites and blacks, music was one thing that they shared in common," says Brown.
The pain in the songs of Billie Holiday, angry lyrics of Public Enemy or raw literary works by Ellison or Richard Wright turn the obstacles and troubles confronting many African Americans into art.
But black culture -- and its impact on American society -- is also defined by joy and spirit, says Ferris.
"Each generation of Americans can relate to black music and dance as a fresh new connection to life," he says. "It's the ultimate celebration of life, and it's always pushing us to new levels of experience."
Underlying African-Americans' struggles and creations is what scholar Cornell West calls "audacious hope," says Werner. The black experience, much like that of the New World's first settlers and the West's pioneers, is a constant test of will and strength, in which faith is a prime component.
"Life is tragic, life is blues, life has its hard times. But you've got to find a way to wrestle that hope out of it, or else you can't go on," says Werner. Much of black culture "is profoundly therapeutic, although it doesn't come to easy answers. Then again, most therapy never does."
From pain and gain, African Americans shape U.S. culture
By Greg BotelhoCNN New York Bureau
Wednesday, February 5, 2003 Posted: 1324 GMT');
} else if ( host.indexOf("asia.cnn.com") != -1 ) {
document.write('Wednesday, February 5, 2003 Posted: 9:24 PM HKT (1324 GMT)');
} else {
document.write('Wednesday, February 5, 2003 Posted: 8:24 AM EST (1324 GMT)');
}
//-->
Wednesday, February 5, 2003 Posted: 8:24 AM EST (1324 GMT)
A boy showcases African-American music and dance through art in 1935.
Story Tools
window.onerror=function(){clickURL=document.location.href;return true;}
if(!self.clickURL) clickURL=parent.location.href;
(CNN) -- African-American music, writing and innovations have been forged in struggle -- filled with pain and elation, self-consciousness and self-realization, hurt and healing.
It is a true American experience -- manifest in a profound, groundbreaking and influential culture.
"African-American culture has defined American culture," says Craig Werner, a professor of African-American studies at the University of Wisconsin in Madison.
Noting blacks' fight to realize all-American ideals such as equality and liberty, and their many expressions of courage and creativity, Werner adds, "People who had the most reason to reject the whole game, ironically enough, tend to be the deepest, purest expression of what America is about."
America has embraced black music, with blues, jazz, rap and rock 'n' roll making their way into the mainstream. Radio play lists reflect this fusion, and even the pop yardstick MTV nowadays is BET's cousin, with its abundance of black artists, says Tamara Brown, a historian at the Anacostia Museum, the Smithsonian's black history center.
African-American authors like Ralph Ellison, Richard Wright, Zora Neale Hurston and Toni Morrison belong to the nation's pantheon of great writers. Black artists, scientists, engineers, chefs, religious and political leaders have profoundly shaped America's day-to-day existence.
SPECIAL REPORT
• Blacks' imprint on America
• Interactive: Cultural pioneers
• Quiz: Black History trivia
• Interactive: Stamp gallery
• Special Report
The African-American experience is about ideals, and testing those ideals -- detailed in the Declaration of Independence and Constitution -- to see whether those high standards extend to all Americans, and working to make sure they do.
One hundred years after W.E.B. Du Bois, in "The Souls of Black Folk," said race would be the defining problem of the 20th century, academics, artists and everyday people are still struggling with gauging black Americans' role and the impact of slavery on American society.
"For blacks, coming here was a nightmare experience, being taken into slavery and thrown into bondage," says Bill Ferris, former chair of the National Endowment for the Humanities now at the University of North Carolina. "That long struggle of freedom continues today. When we talk about the black experience, it raises questions about the American dream."
Sounds of struggle, joy
When the first Africans were forcibly taken to the New World, they were stripped of their freedom, family, languages -- their fundamental identities. Even so, elements of their culture endured.
"You have had your language and your culture taken away from you," Werner says. "So how do you express that? You sing. You moan. You say it however you can say it."
"Music is part and parcel of every act in African-American life," says Portia Maultsby, director of the Archives of African-American Music and Culture at Indiana University, Bloomington. "It serves as a unifying force, but also as a communication vehicle and one of resistance."
Today's African-American music still brims with emotion and speaks for the disenfranchised, says Ferris.
Louis Armstrong and Carmen McRae star in a 1962 Monterrey Jazz Festival musical portraying black musicians as America's best ambassadors.
The creativity that's so evident in black music -- its many genres, and also the great variation within each one -- is characteristic of African-American culture as a whole, say scholars.
Black inventors, writers, artists and athletes have brought a unique sensibility, style and substance to American society, experts say. And they have often done so with less money, education and resources than many more privileged Americans.
"You don't have to be educated, you have to be creative," says Portia James, the Anacostia Museum's curator. "You just have to have initiative to solve the problem, to do something."
'Audacious hope'
Legendary author James Baldwin said being African American is about attitude, not skin color -- always experimenting and tackling challenges in the quest for success and self-discovery, according to Werner. That sentiment, he notes, is also distinctly American.
"What's fascinating about America is that we do accept risk, we do accept diversity, we do accept the idea that we're inventing ourselves over and over and over again," says Werner.
Yet black innovations have not always been welcomed or properly recognized. Maultsby points to jazz, which was "considered primitive and barbaric when it was introduced" but later became defined as quintessentially American.
Similar progressions -- abhorrence giving way to absorption -- hold true for rhythm and blues, rock 'n' roll and rap, she notes.
"When the minority culture moves into the mainstream, it becomes a mainstream tradition. We tend not to do that from the dominant end," says Maultsby. "Once they become commodities, the African-American roots become more invisible and less acknowledged."
Public Enemy's "Fear of a Black Planet," representative of hard-core rap, vented some African Americans' anger in the 1980s and 1990s.
But absorption also suggests admiration, and with it an acknowledgement of the creativity and quality of African-American artists.
"Even though society may have frowned upon relations between whites and blacks, music was one thing that they shared in common," says Brown.
The pain in the songs of Billie Holiday, angry lyrics of Public Enemy or raw literary works by Ellison or Richard Wright turn the obstacles and troubles confronting many African Americans into art.
But black culture -- and its impact on American society -- is also defined by joy and spirit, says Ferris.
"Each generation of Americans can relate to black music and dance as a fresh new connection to life," he says. "It's the ultimate celebration of life, and it's always pushing us to new levels of experience."
Underlying African-Americans' struggles and creations is what scholar Cornell West calls "audacious hope," says Werner. The black experience, much like that of the New World's first settlers and the West's pioneers, is a constant test of will and strength, in which faith is a prime component.
"Life is tragic, life is blues, life has its hard times. But you've got to find a way to wrestle that hope out of it, or else you can't go on," says Werner. Much of black culture "is profoundly therapeutic, although it doesn't come to easy answers. Then again, most therapy never does."
Wednesday, January 21, 2009
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